The Rheims–Bishops’ Parallel New Testament was the work of a Puritan theologian, but ended up aiding perhaps the most important Bible translation in the history of English Catholicism. In 1582, English Catholics working in exile in France published the Rheims New Testament, an English translation of the Vulgate with notes and commentary aimed at refuting Protestant doctrine. William Fulke, a Puritan minister and theologian, responded in 1589 with this parallel New Testament, which placed the Rheims translation side by side with the text of the Protestant Bishops’ Bible. The format allowed him to refute the Rheims text line by line. In publishing his work, however, Fulke unintentionally made the Rheims New Testament more widely available for Catholics in England. This copy is a fourth edition printed in 1633.