Martin Luther penned this 1522 pamphlet, in which he criticized monastic dietary rules related to fasting, the sale of papal permissions, vows of chastity and poverty, ecclesiastical clothing, and adornments of churches, cells, and homes — in his words, all things that are external. He contrasted these things with God’s kingdom, which he identified as internal. A letter he wrote to Georg Spalatin requesting that he forward the first draft to Hans von Berlepsch, Luther’s guardian while he was hiding at the Wartburg tower, suggests the pamphlet may have been sparked by conversations between the two men. This Augsburg edition, one of the first printed editions, does not include the “Reply to Texts Cited in Defense of the Doctrines of Men,” which was included in later editions.